| System | Manifestations | Differential diagnosis |
| General | Fever, malaise, prostration, body ache | Any cause for fever and sepsis; lymphadenopathy, dysuria and rashes rare in malaria |
| Head ache | Migraine, sinusitis, tension headache, intracranial space occupying lesion/raised intracranial tension, meningitis | |
| Respiratory | Cough, chest pain (pleuritic), breathlessness, wheezing, hemoptysis, tachypnoea | Pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, worsening of asthma, pleurisy etc. |
| Cardiovascular | Chest pain, breathlessness, hypotension, sweating, pulmonary edema | Acute coronary syndrome, cardiogenic shock, left ventricular failure, pericarditis |
| Abdominal | Acute abdominal pain (diffuse or localized), tenderness, vomiting, diarrhea/dysentery, splenomegaly | Acute gastritis, gastroenteritis, acute abdomen, peritonitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, gastroenteritis, amebiasis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, subdiaphragmatic abscess, other causes of splenomegaly etc. |
| Hepatobiliary | Jaundice, elevated transaminases, hepatomegaly, rarely encephalopathy, altered sensorium, coma | Hepatitis, hepatocellular failure, liver abscess, leptospirosis |
| Renal | Dark urine, oliguria | Acute nephritis, acute renal failure, leptospirosis |
| Neurological | Headache, altered sensorium, convulsions, coma, minimal neck stiffness, papilledema; cerebellar syndrome | Acute encephalitis, meningitis, intra-cranial space occupying lesions, stroke, metabolic encephalopathy, vertebrobasilar insufficiency etc. |
| Vestibular | Dizziness, vertigo | Meniere’s, positional vertigo, vertebrobasilar insufficiency |
| Psychiatry | Altered behavior, mood changes, sleep disturbances | Acute confusional states, acute psychosis, mood disorders |
| Haematological | Anemia, thrombocytopenia, bleeding | All other causes of anemia, blood dyscrasias, hemolytic anemias, intra vascular hemolysis, bleeding diathesis |
Sources:
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- Jelinek T, Schulte C, Behrens R, et al. Imported Falciparum Malaria in Europe: Sentinel surveillance data from the European network on surveillance of imported infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:572–576. Available at http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/338235
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